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NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, (404) 320-3333, (800) ACS-2345, http://www. org. org. gov. S. REVISED BY TISH DAVIDSON, AM Acute leukemia see Leukemias, acute G A L E E N C Y C L O PE D I A O F C A N CE R , 4 T H ED ITION Definition Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is a cancer of the white blood cells known as lymphocytes. It is also called acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Description Leukemia is a cancer of white blood cells. In cases of acute leukemia, the cancerous cells are immature forms called blasts that cannot properly fight infection, and patients rapidly become ill.
Depending on the disease, these drugs can achieve a complete remission in 65–85% of adults. The relapse rate is higher in adults than in children. A 50% three-year survival rate has been noted in some research series, and very aggressive treatment with multiple drugs has produced up to a 70% survival rate in other studies. Adverse effects of these drugs include: • bone marrow suppression • anemia, pallor, fatigue, shortness of breath, and angina in older patients • bleeding, bruising • increased risk of infection • hair loss (alopecia) • mouth sores • nausea and vomiting • menopausal symptoms • lower sperm counts G A L E E N C Y C L O PE D I A O F C A N CE R , 4 T H ED ITION Treatment directed at preventing central nervous system spread is called prophylactic treatment.
Flow cytometry is conducted to determine myeloid markers for the disease, and cytogenetics studies assess for chromosomal abnormalities. Cytogenetics studies are important in diagnosis and prognosis of the disease. However, no specific chromosomal abnormalities have yet been identified for the M6 subtype of AML. Imaging studies will also be performed at the time of diagnosis. These studies include echocardiogram or multiple-gated acquisition (MUGA) scans, which may be used to evaluate the status of the cardiac system prior to chemotherapy administration.