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Ash Demirgüç-Kunt Improving the supply of long-term credit to industrial firms is considered a priority for growth in developing countries. A World Bank multicountry study looks at whether a long-term credit shortage exists and, if so, whether it has had an impact on investment, productivity, and growth. The study finds that even after controlling for the characteristics of individual firms, businesses in developing countries use significantly less long-term debt than their counterparts in industrial countries.
All have succeeded in providing financial services at unprecedented levels to millions of rural people. The Grameen Bank has reduced its dependence on subsidies, the Bank for Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperatives has benefited from low to modest subsidies, and the Village Bank program of the Bank Rakyat Indonesia has completely eliminated its dependence on subsidies. These successes contrast sharply with the traditional view that heavy subsidies are inevitable in the provision of financial services to rural entrepreneurs.
Therefore, evaluating their performance based on these criteria provides an easily quantifiable proxy of the impact of rural financial intermediation in lieu of a full benefit-cost analysis (figure 3). Figure 3. Assessing the Performance of Rural Financial Institutions Source: Yaron, Benjamin, and Piprek (1997). Page 158 Outreach is measured by a hybrid index comprising several indicators, such as the number of clients, the value of the loan portfolio and its annual growth, the percentage of female clients (where social norms discriminate against women), the average loan size (as a proxy for income level of the clientele), and so on.