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By Daniel Garber (editor), Michael Ayers (editor)

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69. I have added about five million for the population of the smaller West European populations not included in this list. 2 Sandys 1906—8, vol. 2, p. 234. The same kind of joke is found about a Frenchman in Erasmus's De recta pronuntiatione, ed. J. K. Sowards, in Erasmus 1974- , vol. 26, p. 472. 3 For the translation of the Essay, see the edition by Peter Nidditch, Locke 1975, p. xxxvii. 4 This is, of course, an extremely rough estimate; for more precise discussions see Graff 1987, pp. 137-63; and Houston 1988, pp.

The other general development which affected the universities, and which may have had a considerable indirect effect on the kind of philosophy written in Europe, was the marked increase in the power over them of their national governments. The southern universities had traditionally been governed by elected representatives of the students, whose fees after all had funded the institutions; but the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries saw the general growth of princely control over them. 21 So civil governments exercised a much tighter control on the universities and what was taught within them than had been the case in the Middle Ages.

This helps to emphasise the fact that seventeenth-century philosophy was very largely one element in a broadly humanist view of the world and that the great philosophers of the period would have seen themselves as closer kin to the classical scholars such as Lipsius or Scaliger than to the scholastic philosophers of the Middle Ages. It must be emphasised, however, that despite the lowering of the age at which advanced philosophy was studied, and despite its closer association with the other humanities, it remained in these institutions (and, indeed, in the whole European university system) throughout the sixteenth and most of the seventeenth centuries essentially a study of the works of Aristotle.

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