By Niels Jonassen (auth.)
Preface to first version 1997 This e-book has constructed from extra that forty years of labor with static electrical difficulties and virtually as lengthy a interval of educating classes on electrostatics, essentially on the Technical college of Denmark. numerous chapters of the ebook are not often greater than a brush-up of the final wisdom of so much physicists. yet with the ever expanding specialization, in brand new instructing and examine, little realization appears to be like paid to basic and uncomplicated relatives. For this regrettable truth i'm thankful. it truly is my desire that the booklet may possibly take the newcomer via the hand and in addition remind the professional of a few simple evidence she can have forgotten or even by no means discovered. Preface to moment variation This booklet differs from the 1st version by way of a number of subject matters being completely rewritten. this is often the case so far as chapters four, five, 6 and eight are involved. The history for the recent models is to a wide volume my contributions to the ESDA (ElectroStatic Discharge organization) symposia and tutorials and particularly my articles (Mr. Static) in Compliance Engineering. many of the figures were redrawn. a tremendous half has been borrowed from Compliance Engineering, and the permission to take action is gratefully acknowledged.
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Extra resources for Electrostatics
Sample text
E, e.. whenever water is broken into droplets, Fig. 4, where Fig. 4 the fine mist conslsttng mainly of very small droplets is predominantly negative, and the larger water drops precipitating more easily, are positive. While charging of liquids by flow can only occur with highly insulative liquids, charging by spraying may happen with almost any kind of liquid. 3 CHARGING OF POWDERS Dust and powders may get charged by contact and friction between the particles, especially if the individual particles have different properties, for instance regarding size and/or material.
However in static electric contexts charge transport often takes place along the surface or in a shallow layer on the surface of an insulative material. This process is usually characterized by the surface conductivity, Ys' and corresponding surface resistivity, Ps. If an electric field is applied with a component Es along the surface, a current with the linear current density, js' will flow in the direction of Es. 31) 28 Chapter 2: FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS because 1 Ps = - Ys As is is a linear current density the unit is A-m-\ and not A-m-2 as is the case for a conventional current density.
1 Q = lV-Al. Eqs. 28) are Ohm's law (on integral form. By measuring V and I the resistance R characteristic for the particular conductor is determined from eq. 28) and the resistivity p, characteristic for the material, from eq. 29). Although eq. 28) had been derived for a special simple case, it expresses a general relation for all current paths which can be stated as follows: The ratio between the voltage difference between two points and the current flowing between the same two points is equal to a constant, the resistance, characteristic for the current path.