By Joseph Wilder
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Extra resources for Stimulus and Response: the Law of Initial Value
Sample text
If we say: ' T h e initial value is 90', we mean we have found that in the given observation period it would remain 90 without the intervening stimulus; the change during that time will be about zero. W e study what changes will happen with the use of the stimulus during the same time (for the cases of moving basal levels, see CHAPTER V I I ) . W e express one happening (reaction) THE LAW OF INITIAL VALUE 27 in terms of the other happening (basal level) just as we can express the ascent of a balloon in terms of sea-level.
And rising THE LAW OF INITIAL VALUE 43 refractoriness against new stimuli, followed b y falling L V . and overexcitability. A l l this takes place on a microscopic level but the same model may apply to grosser changes. After all, we are surrounded by a sea of subthreshold stimuli which would become effective in periods of low L V . ; there is a whole microcosm beneath the threshold. From a teleological viewpoint one may ask: Will the existence of this 'spontaneous activity' or the spontaneous fluctuations of the I .
T h i s is to mean that besides (or even instead) of the intended effect the stimulus produces at times (or always) other effects which are not desired. T h u s the usual nervous symptoms of hypoglycaemia were in the 32 STIMULUS AND RESPONSE: THE LAW OF INITIAL VALUE beginning dubbed * side-effects * and even attributed to impurities. In the treatment of Parkinsonism by high doses of atropine, the very regular occur rence of dryness is called a 'side-effect', while the quite irregular decrease in rigidity is not a side-effect.