Download Scanning Probe Microscopy and Spectroscopy: Methods and by Roland Wiesendanger PDF

By Roland Wiesendanger

The research and manipulation of subject at the atomic scale were revolutionized by way of scanning tunneling microscopy and comparable scanning probe innovations. This publication is the 1st to supply a transparent and accomplished advent to this topic. starting with the theoretical historical past of scanning tunneling microscopy, the layout and instrumentation of functional STM and linked platforms are defined intimately, together with topographic imaging, neighborhood tunneling barrier top measurements, tunneling spectroscopy, and native potentiometry. A therapy of the experimental concepts utilized in scanning strength microscopy and different scanning probe innovations rounds out this part. the second one half discusses consultant purposes of those concepts in fields corresponding to condensed topic physics, chemistry, fabrics technological know-how, biology, and nanotechnology, so this publication might be tremendous priceless to upper-division scholars and researchers in those parts.

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2 Theoretical treatment of ID tunneling -20 - -30 - -50 - o o 4 6 10 E (ELECTRON VOLTS) Fig. 10. Tunnel current per unit energy interval of tunneling electrons. Curve A: rectangular barrier with square well trap (total barrier thickness 43 A). Curve B: rectangular barrier without trap (total barrier thickness 43 A) (Penley, 1962). states in the insulating barrier region has to be based on a threedimensional model. 38) Therefore, resonant tunneling through a series of localized states should dominate for sufficiently thick tunnel barriers.

19)). 2 Tunneling between normal metal and superconductor We now consider tunnel junctions with one electrode being a superconductor (Fig. 13). 3 Elastic tunneling experiments 39 Fig. 13. Metal-insulator-superconductor tunnel junction at T = 0 K (Buckel, 1984). 48) 40 Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) where nN is the density of states in the normal state, S4s measured from the Fermi energy and A is half the energy gap, which is independent of energy in the BCS theory. e. , 1962). Integration of Eq.

C) Rectangular barriers versus barriers of arbitrary shape. The shape of the potential barrier will first be assumed to be rectangular before treating the general case of a potential barrier of arbitrary shape. (d) Time-independent versus time-dependent approach. Tunneling phenomena can theoretically be treated in two different ways. One may either use a time-independent approach starting with Schrodinger's time-independent wave equations inside and outside the barrier or a time-dependent perturbation approach starting with Schrodinger's time-dependent wave equation and using Fermi's 'golden rule' of first-order time-dependent perturbation theory.

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