By Andrea Czepek, Melanie Hellwig, Eva Nowak
We suppose that freedom of the clicking is assured in a democratic society. yet, in Press Freedom and Pluralism in Europe, researchers from twelve nations show that it's all too usually a freedom that's taken with no consideration. In flip, they research media structures all through Europe and record on their stipulations for independence and pluralism. individuals to this quantity talk about press freedom and variety via numerous case stories related to such international locations because the Baltics, Bulgaria, Poland, Romania, Finland, France, Germany, Austria, Italy, Spain, and the uk. This quantity offers a severe foundation from which to judge media freedom within the usa, and may accordingly be of curiosity to students of media and communique reviews.
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Additional resources for Press Freedom and Pluralism in Europe: Concepts and Conditions (Intellect Books - European Communication Research and Education Association)
Example text
Method of data collection Values (examples) Production Macro level Legal and structural n Secondary Analysis 0 = no legal provisions for press freedom or many conditions restrictions; majority of media under state control or very monopolized. 1 = legal guarantees for press freedom exist but in practice many restrictions are applied; certain diversity in media ownership but strong state control or control of few large media organizations etc. 2 = few legal restrictions; various media owners (state and others) etc.
Cultural factors might include the dominant communication culture, which might have an impact on public discourse, as well as a tradition of taboos. Cultural traditions, such as the degree of communal organization of the citizens, may contribute to certain media traditions. In Italy, for example, where involvement of the citizens in communal and church associations, unions and political parties is very high and such alignments are closely knit, journalism reflects this partisanship by also being closely aligned with distinct associations’ interests and positions.
An interesting first step into this direction has recently been taken by the American communication scientists Lee B. Becker, Tudor Vlad and Nancy Nusser. In a comparative study they examined four measures – namely those by Freedom House and Reporters Without Borders as well as two other ones which have not yet been mentioned: one by the International Research and Exchanges Board (IREX), situated in Washington like Freedom House, and another one by the New York journalists’ rights organization Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ).