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In the 13th century the count frequently summoned his vassals in Holland and Zeeland to appear at his court, where they advised him on important decisions. This was no mere favour, but a duty: according to feudal law, vassals had to assist their lord with auxilium et consilium, by word and deed. 45 The council was open to others in the count’s vicinity as well: family members, those responsible for personal care, and even visiting clerics and citizens. Not only was the composition of the group of advisors subject to change, they did not meet regularly, nor at a fixed location.

469–472. , 708–710). 42 Admittedly, from a modern perspective the social structure of the Republic was not optimal. Some of the great lawyers of the Republic were not completely satisfied with its legal structure, and he same was true of some historians (Rijpperda Wierdsma, Politie, 277–278; Fruin, “Het recht en de rechtsbedeling”). 43 Le Bailly, Recht voor de raad, 17–18. Cf. the interference of the Flemish government in local affairs, Buntinx, De audientie, 219–223. 44 They presided over the supreme court and were advised by the comitial council (grafelijke raad).

38 chapter one government officials, and citizens were represented in the council. This “broad council” did not last for long: the clerks and stewards were the first to be dismissed again after 1350, and the bailiffs disappeared more gradually. In 1352 the citizens were pushed out as well: a separate council of citizens was introduced, which met with the council of vassals. For the rest of the 14th century, the cities did not succeed in regaining the influence they had wielded from 1347 to 1352; in 1357 their own council even disappeared.

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