By Christophe Jaffrelot
In Pakistan on the Crossroads, best overseas students determine Pakistan's politics and economics and the demanding situations confronted via its civil and armed forces leaders regionally and diplomatically. participants learn the state's dealing with of inner threats, tensions among civilians and the army, techniques of political events, police and legislations enforcement reform, tendencies in judicial activism, the increase of border conflicts, fiscal demanding situations, monetary entanglements with overseas powers, and diplomatic relatives with India, China, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, and the United States.
In addition to ethnic strife in Baluchistan and Karachi, terrorist violence in Pakistan in keeping with the American-led army intervention in Afghanistan and within the Federally Administered Tribal parts through drones, in addition to to Pakistani military operations within the Pashtun quarter, has reached an unparalleled point. there's a starting to be consensus between nation leaders that the nation's major safety threats may well come no longer from India yet from its spiraling inner conflicts, notwithstanding this cognizance would possibly not sufficiently dissuade the Pakistani military from concentrating on the country's biggest neighbor. This quantity is as a result serious to greedy the delicate interaction of inner and exterior forces complicating the country's fresh trajectory.
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Extra info for Pakistan at the Crossroads: Domestic Dynamics and External Pressures
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Mohammad Ayub Khan, Friends Not Masters: A Political Autobiography (1967; Islamabad: Mr. Book, 2006), 65. 4. Khalid Bin Sayeed, “Pakistan’s Foreign Policy: An Analysis of Pakistan’s Fears and Interests,” Asian Survey 4 (1965): 747. 5. Cited in Pande, Explaining Pakistan’s Foreign Policy, 24. 6. Cited in Dennis Kux, The United States and Pakistan, 1947–2000: Disenchanted Allies (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001), 20. 7. Today the nuclear status of Pakistan is a major asset vis-à-vis the United States.
But although the military has appeared as a savior every now and again, it has tended to emulate similar ways and means. As Aqil Shah shows in this volume, military coups have followed almost the same pattern for more than four decades in Pakistan, as can be seen in their choreography since 1958. Each time, the army takes control peacefully, hands power over to its chief—wherefore the notion of consensual coup d’état—and replaces the “politicians” presented as harmful to the nation, with the more or less clear approval of the judicial apparatus, thereby reinforcing the impression of a consensus, a notion that does not exclude authoritarianism, even if variants appear here and there.
Therefore, there is a societal element in the battle that is taking place in the FATA—but also in Punjab—as Mariam Abou Zahab shows in chapter 4. Deeply entrenched social hierarchies are at stake. This component can only make the—already intense—military conflict even more devastating. The unleashing of terrorist violence in response to the military interventions of the Americans (via the drones) and the Pakistani army (on the ground) in the Pashtun area has reached unprecedented levels in the last few years.