By Regis Blondeau
Regis Blondeau is an Engineer of the nationwide college of Electrochemistry and Electrometallurgy of Grenoble, France.
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Additional resources for Metallurgy and Mechanics of Welding
Example text
Their contact surface to be welded must be clean and uniform in shape. 13. Resistance spot welding In this way resistance spot welding, projection and roller seam welding can be carried out. Resistance spot welding In this process current supply and load application are carried out by cylindrical electrodes with tips in the shape of a truncated cone cooled by internal water circulation. Their contact surface is generally flat or slightly convex. They are installed on fixed machines or mobile tools; it is always desirable that the step-down current transformer is placed as close as possible to the welding zone.
In 1958, Schawlow and Townes demonstrated the theoretical possibility of producing coherent light by stimulated emission of radiation. The first laser source was a ruby laser produced by Maiman in 1960. It was very quickly followed by the development of the first gas laser by Javan (helium-neon laser). Many mediums were then studied and used for the 34 Metallurgy and Mechanics of Welding manufacture of lasers: doped crystals, semiconductors, ionized gases, molecular gases, liquids, dyes. Laser is currently experiencing an extraordinary development.
The excitation of the medium is called “pumping”. It allows the population inversion between excited and non-excited atoms. Pumping requires an external energy source which can be assured by electrical discharge or radio frequency in the case of gas lasers, and by lamps or laser diodes in the case of solid lasers. A laser source must thus be made up of three principal elements: – an active medium made up of particles (atoms, ions, molecules), – an energy source to carry out the pumping of the medium and thus to obtain the population inversion, – a resonator cavity made up of two mirrors ensuring photon oscillation.