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By Peter Burke

Peter Burke explores significant topics within the social and cultural historical past of the languages spoken or written in Europe among the discovery of printing and the French Revolution. One subject matter is the relation among languages and groups and where of language as a fashion of deciding on others, in addition to a logo of one's personal id. A moment, associated topic is that of pageant: among Latin and the vernaculars, diverse vernaculars, dominant and subordinate, and diversified types of an analogous vernacular.

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177; Bouhours, Entretiens, p. 45; Stiernhielm, quoted in Einar Haugen, The Scandinavian Languages: an Introduction to their History (London, 1976), p. 422. Edward Llwyd, Archaeologia Britannica (London, 1707), preface. Hans Aarsleff, ‘Sir William Jones and the New Philology’, in The Study of Language in England, 1780–1860 (Princeton, 1967), pp. 115–61; Mikl´os Zsirai, ‘S´amuel Gyarmathi, Hungarian Pioneer of Comparative Linguistics’ (1951: repr. , Bloomington, 1966), vol. i, pp. ), Leibniz, Humboldt and the Origins of Comparativism (Amsterdam and Philadelphia, 1990), pp.

379–81. 65 The language of the bourgeoisie also attracted the attention of satirists because of the place of language in strategies for social mobility, or at least in attempts at passing for noble. In the 1950s the socialite Nancy Mitford and the linguist Alan Ross, by distinguishing upper-class usage from the rest (‘U’ from ‘non-U’), had made the English middle class anxious about their language. 68 Antoine Fureti`ere, later the compiler of a famous French dictionary, published a novel in 1666 with the title Le roman bourgeois.

In 1295, Edward I of England claimed that the King of France planned to invade England and ‘wipe out the English language’. At the end of the fourteenth century, according to the chronicler Adam of Usk, the King of England considered ‘a decree for the destruction of the Welsh language’ (decretum destructionis lingue wallicae). In similar fashion, a Polish chronicler recorded the story that the knights of the Teutonic Order intended ‘to exterminate the Polish language’. 4 d iscovering l anguage All the same, from the middle of the fifteenth century onwards, more people were becoming conscious of varieties of language and some people were becoming more sharply aware of these matters than before, even if they did not agree how to use key terms like ‘language’, ‘dialect’ or ‘idiom’.

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