By Folke Dovring
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Extra resources for Land and Labor in Europe 1900–1950: A Comparative Survey of Recent Agrarian History
Example text
Variation in the layout of the land may affect the organization of work and the time wasted on moving large distances, whatever the farm structure. Such things as road systems, drainage systems, irrigation systems and the relief of the land, its modification through levelling, contour plowing and terracing, create problems common to the large farm and the peasant village. More specific for the latter are the problems created by fragmentation and the need for consolidation of fragmented holdings; in addition these problems become more complicated depending on the impact of the layout of the land in general.
The time lost through the distances may then not mean any loss in economic values to the villagers. Once the autarcic circle is broken through increasing exchange of goods and services with other industries, labor must acquire a market value. It is on this assumption that we will examine the disadvantages of the distance factor. Even apart from this, there are types of farming where 32 AGRICULTURAL SETTLEMENT- THE ALLOCATION OF LABOR distance is a drawback in itself, regardless of the cost of labor.
In many regions, there were villages, though scarcely any larger than those of contemporary France or Denmark. In others, there were only small hamlets, and new ones were founded throughout the colonization movements that followed the liberation of each area. Small groups of farmsteads, maybe only a few farms located at some distance from each other, increased through subdivisions and were gradually tightened into large nucleated villagesa. At the same time, there was a certain shift from mountain to plain settlement; the former even diminished in absolute importance in many areas when conditions for living on the better land improved"· Thus, there has not only been a recent trend towards increasing concentration of settlement, but there has even been a tendency to diminishing absolute importance of dispersed settlement.