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22a. A small mirror is suspended on a thin torsional wire. The air molecules impinge on the mirror surface and cause, by their momentum transfer, small statistical angular deviations Δϕ of the mirror from its equilibrium position at ϕ = 0, which can be monitored by the reflection of a laser beam, detected with a position-sensitive CCD detector. The system has only one degree of freedom; it can only perform torsional vibrations around the axis defined by the torsional wire. 47b) 〈 ξ2 〉 ∝ t t Fig.
The mean distance an atom travels between two collisions) plays an important role for the quantitative description of all these phenomena. 29 30 2. 52a) where < v2> is the mean square velocity of the gas particles, < vr 2> is the mean square relative velocity and σ = (r1 + r2 )2 is the collision cross section. The cross section σ = π(rA + rB )2 for collisions between atoms A and B is defined as the circular disc with radius (rA + rB ) around the center of atom A with radius rA through which atom B with radius rB has to pass in order to touch atom A and suffer a collision (Fig.
33. Arrangement of single CO molecules on a copper surface to form the letters FU (with kind permission of Prof. 30], who wrote the letters “FU” on a copper surface using CO molecules (Fig. 33). This is probably the most impressive way to make single atoms “visible”, since here not only the location but also the size of the atoms or molecules can be measured. 4. 1 The Size of Atoms in the Van der Waals Equation e) Atomic Force Microscope The tunneling microscope is restricted to the investigation of conductive surfaces because for nonconductive surfaces the tunnel current would result in surface charges that alter the potential and therefore the voltage between needle and surface.