By Charles E. Jowett
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Example text
3) It appears that when all the foregoing variables are fixed, the charge backflow can be expressed as a fairly reproducible percentage of the original electrification. (4) For the understanding of the molecular phenomena involved, further studies of the density of surface states on the various materials and of the tunnelling of charge seem to be essential. Solid-to-solid electrification There are two questions that must be answered in any application of the solid-to-solid electrification phenomena: What is the polarity of the charge?
And How much charge is left after separation? With the help of solid state physics and thorough, carefully controlled experiments performed under vacuum, considerable progress has been made towards answering the first question. It has been shown that when two contacting solids of different work function are separated, the charge left on the surface with the greater work function is of negative polarity. The surface of smaller work function becomes positively charged. Regarding the amount of charge left after separation, there are no fast rules.
It is therefore concluded: (1) When two contacting bodies are separated, an appreciable proportion of the initial contact charge a may tunnel back. The residual charge ac may differ from a by almost one order of magnitude. (2) The amount of contact charge lost by tunnelling decreases with decreasing density of the surface states if one partner is a semiconductor. (3) Back tunnelling between metals in vacuo is a function of the contact geometry. It is large at a parallel plane and smaller between two spheres.