By Kiaupa Zigmantas
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Sample text
The Zemaitians and Sambian-Prussian tribes attacked Klaipeda unsuccessfully several times, and it remained in German hands for many years to come. The Zemaitians chose an offensive strategy overall, organising expedilions and attacks in subjugated Courland. ermans; Semigallia as well rid itself of Livonian rule. In 1260 the Zemaitians won another major battle, at Lake Durbe in Courland, where the Order suffered its worst defeat ever. The Zemaitians defended their freedom, and their victory encouraged other Balts to fight the new-comers.
At that point, the Order of the Knights of the Sword was restruc tured, and under the name of the Livonian Order, became a branch of the Teutonic Order warring on Prussian lands. These events in themselves did not directly affect the heart of the Lithuanian lands, though the conquest of the Prussians by the Teutonic Order, which began in 1231, as well as the unification of the two Orders, could not have escaped notice by the Lithuanians. Two highly aggressive state powers had formed and united in their vicinity - not as the result of an evolutionary process within Balt tribes/lands, but due to the arrival of the new-comers, mostly from Germany, who ultimately created the State of the Teutonic Order, and Livonia.
But political conditions for immigration into Lithuania were not particularly favourable, including because the Orders were against it, and there was no noticeable influx of colonists, other than to Vilnius. 48 At the end of the thirteenth, and during the fourteenth century, Lithuania was a newly formed state, with institutions which were not completely finalised, and thus in a state of frequent flux - at tempting to respond to rapid and difficult political developments within the region. Insufficient sources from that period, and a lack of research have resulted in such a diversity of conflicting opinions including that the state was the patrimony of the Grand Duke, the property of the entire dynasty, ruled by a diarchy, and established as a Grand Duchy as soon as it undertook the unification of Rus’ian lands - that the formulation of more specific claims is impossible.