By Rene Chartrand, René Chartrand, Bill Younghusband
This quantity – overlaying the ultimate years of the Peninsular conflict and the lengthy trek over the Pyrenees into France – concludes the author’s outstanding in-depth research of the military that fought along Wellington’s redcoats through the Peninsular battle.
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But Oldenberg now took this argument into a direction of collective awareness and national strength. The consumer’s civilising function and growing demand for more and more propelled a shift from self-satisfaction to other-regarding actions: ‘the consumer appreciated the value of his [sic] consumption Coping with Shortage 21 not only differently in different ages but at different levels of his ethical education [sittliche Erziehung]. 31 National dominance and independence – not civil society and international interdependence – were the focal point.
There were some fights over too little food, and a strike in the summer of 1919. What is intriguing against this backdrop of hunger, crackdown on markets, and enforced change of food habits, is the popular support for state control. 40 Where did this belief come from? One important source, missing in Germany, was a strong, unifying social ideology, one that now equated the worker with the public interest and identified the bourgeoisie as the root cause of all evil, using a shared enemy picture for a shared view of social justice guarded by a workers’ government.
The international cooperative trading organisation, first mooted in 1907, only came into existence in 1924, and when it did it meant an International Cooperative Wholesale Society merely encouraging national bodies to trade with each other. It was not until 1937 that an International Cooperative Trading Agency was established that traded on its own. 70 Post-war politics show an advancing divide between a social democratic vision of ‘fair shares’ and conservative versions of consumer freedom, with political power shifting from the former to the latter in the course of the 1950s.