By W.F.J. Mörzer Bruyns, Richard Dunn
A list of the Mariner's Quadrants, Mariner's Astrolabes Cross-staffs, Backstaffs, Octants, Sextants, Quintants, Reflecting Circles and synthetic Horizons within the nationwide Maritime Museum, Greenwich.
Sextants at Greenwich comprises major sections: The introductory chapters and of navigating tools of the nationwide Maritime Museum.
the 1st part offers a common evaluation of the background of celestial navigation with an emphasis at the tools that have been constructed and used for that function, among approximately 1450 and the Seventies. The tools within the catalogue shape the most thread in those chapters.
comprises 347 entries of tools for celestial navigation, the octants, sextants and similar tools preserved within the nationwide Maritime Museum. every one access contains where of the object's beginning, its maker, the object's date, inscriptions (by the maker and/or when it comes to an owner), the graduated scale, the instrument's dimensions and a common description that incorporates information equivalent to used fabrics and indifferent components. eventually the object's provenance (previous proprietors and/or clients) and references to literature on its heritage and dealing with are given.
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21 This page intentionally left blank CHAPTER THREE THE INVENTION OF THE OCTANT, AND ITS DEVELOPMENT AND DIFFUSION he invention of the double-reflecting quadrant, which soon became known as an octant, for measuring the altitude of celestial bodies at sea, had a rather long prelude. 1 It consisted of a triangular frame, of which one side was the index arm which revolved around a pivot and was fitted longitudinally with a telescope. A speculum was fixed perpendicularly on the other arm at the pivot, and the third arm of the frame had a graduation.
The two images were brought in line, the index arm was clamped, and the altitude read from the graduated arc. Smith showed that a prism could replace the horizon glass, and this was the first time such an optical device was used for an instrument for measuring altitudes at sea. If the horizon was indistinct or obscured, a spirit level could be put in place of the horizon glass, its bubble replacing the horizon. There is evidence of successful sea trials of this sea quadrant. In his description of it Smith refers to recommendations by three ship’s masters, Christopher Middleton, George Spurrel, and Joseph Harrison.
25. Although the horizon glass was smaller, the heights of the two glasses above the frame were equal; see Maskelyne, ‘Remarks on the Hadley’s Quadrant’, 59. 26. Bennett, ‘Catadioptrics and Commerce in Eighteenth-Century London’, 269. 27. Glyndwr Williams,‘Middleton, Christopher (d. 1770) Explorer in Canada’. In: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. oxforddnb. comϾ ‘Observations Made of the Latitude, Variation of the Magnetic Needle, and Weather, by Capt. Christopher Middleton, in a Voyage from London to Hudson’s-Bay, Anno 1735’.