By David Lindholm, David Nicolle, Angus McBride
Whereas Scandinavia's 'Viking Age' is likely one of the such a lot studied elements of early medieval historical past, less has been released concerning the centuries that undefined. but the armies of Sweden, Norway and Denmark supply interesting transformations from the remainder of medieval Western Europe, either of their company and their battle equipment - due in part to their remoteness, weather and terrain, yet partially to their lengthy freedom from the feudal procedure of alternative kingdoms. This ebook explains the detailed nature of Scandinavian armies, formed through the relative weak point of kings and aristocrats, and the contrasts among the separate international locations of the North.
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In 1982 the environment became the responsibility of the Minister of Housing, Physical Planning and the Environment (Volkshuisvesting, Ruitelijke Ordening en Milieubeheer, VROM). On a regional level, the Inspectorate for the Environment operates on behalf of the Minister of VROM, taking over environmental inspection from the Factory Inspectorate. 12 PORTUGAL In Portugal, legislative power is shared by the Parliament (AR) and the Government and the "formal laws" emanate from them. Laws, decree-laws and regulation 49 Municipal Solid Waste Recycling in Western Europe to 1996 decrees have no legal effect without the President of the Republics promulgation and publication order.
For wastes and air and noise pollution there is convergent responsibility. The Regional States fill in and complete the framework set by federal legislation. The legal basis for the disposal of waste, at Federal level, is the "Waste Disposal Act" (Abfallbeseitigungsgesety of 1972. The Act was comprehensively amended in 1986 and has since been "the Act for the Prevention of and Disposal of Waste" (Gesetz über die Vermeidung und Entsorgung von Abfällen) (Waste Act). The goals of this Act are: — waste prevention — waste utilization — waste disposal without detriment to the environment.
Collection of newspapers and magazines is mandatory in areas of over 2,000 households. Some local authorities have glass collection at source, others have glass banks at central locations. Source separation is of two types: (a) Each household has one separate (green) bin for all recyclable material which is transported to a central sorting plant (where development has been grant-aided). There are currently 70,000 households using green bins. (b) Each household has several containers for specific recyclable items which are emptied weekly.