By Gregory F. Treverton
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Extra info for Making the Alliance Work: The United States and Western Europe
Sample text
One is the theoretical vulnerability of American land-based intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) to a Soviet first strike. This is vastly overrated as a general problem for American strategic forces; it is, however, a specific concern in extending deterrence to Western Europe. In an escalating nuclear exchange, the United States may want to make selective strikes against military targets in the Soviet Union. ICBM forces, despite their vulnerability, would be attractive for this role, given their accuracy, flexibility in re-targeting and relatively secure control.
If conventional defense of Europe is possible, it is preferable. Similarly, if nuclear weapons must be used, battlefield systems look better to Americans. In any event, American stakes run to delaying as long as possible any resort to central US . systems. Any use of American nuclear weapons would risk Soviet retaliation in kind, and no one could be sure that the Soviet Union would not respond even to the use of battlefield systems with strikes against continental America. But central systems would seem positively to invite that Soviet retaliation.
There are no once-for-all solutions to the nuclear dilemma. It can only be managed. 25 26 Making the Alliance Work Yet if the dilemma can only be managed, it can be managed - the third argument in this chapter. Part of the reason is that the dramatic alternatives are so unattractive, hence protest against the nuclear status quo will ebb for want of something better with which to supplant it. But the nuclear issue can also be managed for reasons that derive from the politics, domestic and alliance, surrounding it, reasons that are paradoxical from the perspective of anti-nuclear protest of the mid-1980s.