By Frank Rattay
Functional electric stimulation is crucial software within the box of scientific therapy with currents or magnetism. this method artificially generates neural task in an effort to conquer misplaced capabilities of the paralized, incontinent or sensory handicapped sufferer. electrical energy and magnetism can be utilized in many situations, e.g., to stimulate bone development or wound therapeutic. however, the elemental mechanism of the unreal excitation of nerve and muscle fibers has turn into identified purely within the previous couple of years. even if many textbooks are excited about the ordinary excitation approach there's a lack of awareness at the effect of an utilized electric or magnetic box. This ebook, written for college students and biomedical engineers, may still shut the distance and, additionally, it's going to stimulate the layout of latest instrumentation utilizing optimum strategies.
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Extra resources for Electrical Nerve Stimulation: Theory, Experiments and Applications
Example text
3) y increases exponen- 57 Hodgkin-Huxley equations tially to a steady state value Yoo as shown in Fig. 6) resting potential current of electrode (eqn 4. 7) stimulating current density ionic current density sodium, potassium and leakage current densities capacity of membrane capacity of membrane per cm 2 radius of fiber max. N a-conductance max. K-conductance max. 3 [0 0] [msec] Considering the function y = e-t/-r, we see that after the time t = T the value of y decays to 1/e. As Tis the time scaling parameter for exponentially changing processes, Tis called the time constant.
The question is, whether AP's, with an essentially reduced strength, are able to propagate. When we use combined networks and standard HH-parameters to simulate the excitation process along the fiber*, it comes out that the AP's will not propagate for temperatures higher than 31°0. A similar value of 33°0 was found by another method HUXLEY {1959). The 'heat block' was also observed experimentally by HODGKIN & KATZ (1949). Stimulation with current impulses We have seen above, that the voltage clamp experiments are useful to find a quantitative model for the excitation of a living cell.
We can model the behavior of the membrane using the network of Fig. 3 together with eqn. 2) In the voltage clamp experiment the time course of the voltage is given and the injected current is measured in order to find the nonlinear conductances for the ionic currents. For this purpose, the voltage is varied as a step or pulse function. In practice, this 4. The space clamp experiment 54 CONTROLLED VOLTAGE INJECTED CURRENT -I Na ex: g Na r-----"9 1ms Voltage current relation observed in the voltage clamp Fig.